AUBREY

· WWhy information must be managed properly by the levels of management?

Information is needed for decision making at all levels of management.

Managers at different organizational levels make different types of decisions, control different types of processes, and have different information needs.

Three classical levels of management include:

o Strategic (top management)

It entails specifying the organization's mission, vision and objectives, developing policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs, which are designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the policies and plans, projects and programs.

o Tactical (middle management)

Middle, or tatical, managers receive strategic decisions from above as general directives. Using those directives as guidelines, they develop tatics to meet those strategic directives. That is, they make decisions concerning how and when specific resources will be utilized. Usually, a middle manager will be responsible for several operational managers.

o Operational (lower management)

Operational managers are responsible for daily operations. They make decisions concerning a narrow time span about the deployment of small groups of clerical and/or shop floor workers.

· InInformation needed by the manager must have a value that is: up to date, detailed and accurate. Try to explain the purpose of these points and give examples of your answers!

o Accurate (information which is reasonably determined to be factually correct)

o Up To Date ( reflecting the latest information or changes)

o Detail (true information including all the facts)

ex: in order to check whether or not a hotel is profitable, the management required a revenue report. This report should be accurate (exact figures), up to date (latest report) and detailed (a complete information to support the conclusion).

· TTry to describe what information is needed by the managerial level in carrying out its functions in terms of planning, organizing and controlling

o Planning
The planning function establishes goals and objectives to pursue during a future period. It spans all levels of management. Top managers are involved in strategic planning that sets board, long-range goals for an organization. These goals become the basis for short-range, annual operational planning; during which top and middle managers determine specific departmental objectives that will help the organization makes progress toward the broader, long-range goals.

Ex: General Manager determines the objectives, policies and plans of the hotel.

o Organizing

Organizing is management’s plan for obtaining the objectives of the establishment throught the arrangement of position, job tasks and people.

Ex: HOD analyzes job description and set the tasks for each position.

o Controlling

The process of control is to measure progress, compare it with plans or standards and take corrective action.

Ex: Front office supervisor supervises all front desk procedures (reservation, reception, operator, etc) set by the higher management.